Management Accounting - Working Capital

Working capital is defined by experts as follows -
“Working capital is the amount of funds necessary to cover the cost of operating the enterprises.”
---Shubin
“Circulating capital means current assets of a company that are changed in the ordinary course of business from one form to another, as for example, from cash to inventories, inventories to receivables, receivables in to cash.”
---Genestenberg
Broadly, there are two types of capital required for a business:
  • Fixed Capital
  • Working Capital
Fixed capital requires investing in long term investments of business to create production facility through purchase of fixed assets such as building, plant, machinery, furniture etc. Investment in these assets means permanent blockage of capital or for a long term fixed term blockage of funds.
Capital is required for short term purposes to purchase raw material, payment of day to day needs of organization, routine business expenditure, payment of salaries, wages, taxes etc. These funds are called working capital. Working capital refers to capital to finance short term or current assets such as cash, securities, debtors and inventories.

Gross Working Capital and Net Working Capital

Gross working capital means the investment in current assets, whereas the Net working capital means the difference of current assets and current liabilities. Net working capital can be positive or negative.
NET WORKING CAPITAL
(A) Current Assets
Cash in handXXX
Cash at BankXXX
Sundry DebtorsXXX
Bills receivablesXXX
Inventories of Stock
Raw MaterialXXX
Work–in-ProcessXXX
Finished GoodsXXX
XXX
Short Term InvestmentsXXX
Prepaid ExpensesXXX
Accrued IncomesXXX
Total Current AssetsXXXXX
(B) Less: Current Liabilities
Sundry CreditorsXXX
Short term Loans, advances and depositsXXX
Bank OverdraftXXX
Bills payableXXX
ProvisionsXXX
Expenses PayableXXX
Total Current LiabilitiesXXXX
Working Capital (A - B)XX

Working Capital Cycle

Generation and disbursement of cash is carried out in the manner depicted by the following diagram:
image

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